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Before the invention
of the internal combustion engine, the only successful
human flights were in balloons filled with hot
air or a gas like hydrogen which is "lighter
than air". But balloons cannot be properly
controlled in flight 1 . Not until man had invented a powered, "heavier
than air" machine could he claim to have
conquered the skies. Steam-engines were often
tried in the nineteenth century, but they were
much too heavy in relation to the power they produced.
It was the lighter, more compact petrol engine
2.
Wilbur and Orville Wright were bicycle-makers
from Dayton in the USA. In 1903, after carefully
studying the problems of flight, they fitted a
wooden glider with a twelve horse-power petrol
engine and two propellers driven by bicycle chains.
On a cold morning in December at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina, they became the first men to fly a "heavier
than air" machine.
The British were slow to respond to the new invention.
Five years went by 3. In 1909, when the "Daily Mail"
offered £1000 for the first man to fly the Channel,
it was won by a Frenchman, Louis, Bleroits. However,
when the First World War broke out, five years
later, the vast majority of the population had
not yet seen an aeroplane. The military possibilities
of aircraft were quickly realized, 4.
For the first time planes were mass produced from
standard parts.
The extent of the progress made during the war
was shown in 1919, when two Royal Air Force officers,
John Alcock and Arthur Whitten-Brown, made the
first flight across the Atlantic. They covered
the 1890 miles from Newfoundland to Ireland at
an average speed of 118 m.p.h., battling all the
way against fog, ice and storms. At one point,
Brown had to climb on the wings to hack away ice
with a knife. In August of the same year, the
world’s first daily air service began, 5. By 1923 Croydon Airport, in Surrey, was
handling up to thirty cross-channel flights a
day. A high standard of safety and reliability
was achieved, 6.
A.
carrying goods and passengers between London and
Paris. B. so the war led to a rapid
development of aviation. C. that lasted only fifty-nine
seconds. D. that held the key to success. E. although the journey was slow
and bumpy. F. before the first powered flight
was made in England. G. because they are at the mercy
of the wind and air-currents.
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